{"id":2389,"date":"2021-05-11T02:55:56","date_gmt":"2021-05-11T02:55:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fclatbz2dc.wpdns.site\/?p=2389"},"modified":"2024-01-22T01:34:05","modified_gmt":"2024-01-22T01:34:05","slug":"what-is-the-laser-resonator","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/what-is-the-laser-resonator\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je to laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"yoast-reading-time__wrapper\"><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__icon\"><\/span><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__descriptive-text\">Odhadovan\u00e1 doba \u010dten\u00ed:  <\/span><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__reading-time\">37<\/span><span class=\"yoast-reading-time__time-unit\"> minuta<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159\u00edstroj, kter\u00fd produkuje sv\u011btlo laserov\u00e9ho zdroje, se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor, kter\u00fd zahrnuje plynov\u00fd laser, kapalinov\u00fd laser, pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fd laser, polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 optick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed lasery. Mezi nimi jsou typi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed lasery CO<sub>2 <\/sub>plynov\u00e9 lasery, polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery, pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery YAG a vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-basic-composition-and-development-of-laser\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed a v\u00fdvoj laseru<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-basic-composition-of-laser\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed laseru<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u010dkoli existuje mnoho druh\u016f laser\u016f, v\u0161echny produkuj\u00ed lasery pomoc\u00ed excitace a stimulovan\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Proto je z\u00e1kladn\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed laser\u016f fixn\u00ed, obvykle slo\u017een\u00e9 z pracovn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f (tj. pracovn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed, kter\u00e1 mohou po vybuzen\u00ed vyvolat inverzi populace), zdroj\u016f excitace (energie, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit, \u017ee pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tka invertuje po\u010det \u010d\u00e1stic, tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako zdroj \u010derpadla) a optick\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina se skl\u00e1daj\u00ed ze t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-working-substance\">Pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tka<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pro v\u00fdrobu laseru je nutn\u00e9 zvolit vhodn\u00fd pracovn\u00ed materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt plyn, kapalina, pevn\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, nebo polovodi\u010d. V tomto m\u00e9diu lze obr\u00e1tit po\u010det \u010d\u00e1stic a vytvo\u0159it tak nezbytn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed laserov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla. Existence metastabiln\u00edch energetick\u00fdch hladin je velmi prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 pro realizaci popula\u010dn\u00ed inverze. Existuje t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 tis\u00edc druh\u016f pracovn\u00edch materi\u00e1l\u016f a vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky laseru, kter\u00e9 lze generovat, pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu vakuov\u00fdch ultrafialov\u00fdch p\u00e1sem a\u017e po p\u00e1sy vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho infra\u010derven\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-excitation-source\">Zdroj buzen\u00ed<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby se po\u010det \u010d\u00e1stic v pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tce obr\u00e1til, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ijata ur\u010dit\u00e1 metoda pro excitaci syst\u00e9mu \u010d\u00e1stic a zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu \u010d\u00e1stic s vysokou energi\u00ed. Metoda plynov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje m\u016f\u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edvat elektrony s kinetickou energi\u00ed k buzen\u00ed pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, co\u017e se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 elektrick\u00e9 buzen\u00ed; pulsn\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00fd zdroj lze tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edt k oza\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tky k vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed buzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 optick\u00e9 buzen\u00ed; existuje tepeln\u00e9 buzen\u00ed, chemick\u00e9 buzen\u00ed a tak d\u00e1le. R\u016fzn\u00e9 motiva\u010dn\u00ed metody se \u017eiv\u011b naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed pumpov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo pumpov\u00e1n\u00ed. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b z\u00edsk\u00e1vat v\u00fdstup laseru, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b \u010derp\u00e1n, aby se udr\u017eoval po\u010det \u010d\u00e1stic v excitovan\u00e9m stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-optical-cavity\">Optick\u00e1 dutina<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vhodn\u00fdm pracovn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem a budic\u00edm zdrojem lze dos\u00e1hnout popula\u010dn\u00ed inverze, ale intenzita takto generovan\u00e9ho stimulovan\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je velmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 a nelze ji aplikovat. Lid\u00e9 si tedy mysleli, \u017ee k zes\u00edlen\u00ed stimulovan\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lze pou\u017e\u00edt optickou rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutinu. Optick\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina je slo\u017eena ze dvou zrcadel s ur\u010dit\u00fdm geometrick\u00fdm tvarem a optick\u00fdmi odrazov\u00fdmi charakteristikami kombinovan\u00fdmi specifick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem. Jeho hlavn\u00ed funkce jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Poskytn\u011bte schopnost optick\u00e9 zp\u011btn\u00e9 vazby, aby se stimulovan\u00e9 emisn\u00ed fotony n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t pohybovaly tam a zp\u011bt v dutin\u011b, aby vytvo\u0159ily koherentn\u00ed kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed oscilaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Omezte sm\u011br a frekvenci oscila\u010dn\u00edho paprsku v dutin\u011b, abyste zajistili, \u017ee v\u00fdstupn\u00ed laser bude m\u00edt ur\u010ditou sm\u011brovost a monochromati\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-development-of-lasers\">V\u00fdvoj laser\u016f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laser je jednou z nepostradateln\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00edch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed modern\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f laserov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed. S rozvojem technologie laserov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se tak\u00e9 lasery neust\u00e1le posouvaj\u00ed kup\u0159edu a objevilo se mnoho nov\u00fdch laser\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ran\u00e9 lasery pro zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed laserov\u00fdch zdroj\u016f byly hlavn\u011b vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 CO<sub>2<\/sub>, plynov\u00e9 lasery a pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery YAG \u010derpan\u00e9 lampou. Z pohledu historie v\u00fdvoje technologie laserov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed je vysoce limitovan\u00fd CO<sub>2 <\/sub>a lasery, kter\u00e9 se objevily v polovin\u011b 70. let, vyvinuly dif\u00fazn\u011b chlazen\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery. Tabulka 2.1 ukazuje stav v\u00fdvoje CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Typ laseru &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Uzav\u0159en\u00fd typ<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Typ pomal\u00e9ho axi\u00e1ln\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Typ k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9ho toku<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Typ rychl\u00e9ho axi\u00e1ln\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Turbo ventil\u00e1tor Rychl\u00e9 axi\u00e1ln\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Difuzn\u00ed chlazen\u00ed typu SLAB &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">V\u011bk vzhledu &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Polovina sedmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Po\u010d\u00e1tek osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Polovina osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Konec osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Po\u010d\u00e1tek devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20. stolet\u00ed, polovina 90. let &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">V\u00fdkon\/W<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">500 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1000 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">20000 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5000 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10000 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Kvalita paprsku (M<sup>2<\/sup> faktor &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Nestabiln\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1.2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Kvalita paprsku (K<sub>F<\/sub>\/mm\u2022 mrad)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">&nbsp;Nestabiln\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">35<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">17<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">9<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4.5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Tabulka 2.1 Stav v\u00fdvoje CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Brzy CO<sub>2 <\/sub>lasery m\u011bly tendenci se vyv\u00edjet sm\u011brem ke zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu laseru, ale kdy\u017e v\u00fdkon laseru dos\u00e1hl ur\u010dit\u00e9ho po\u017eadavku, byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na pozornost kvalit\u011b paprsku laseru a v\u00fdvoj laseru se posunul ke zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality paprsku. Ned\u00e1vno byla dif\u00fazn\u011b chlazen\u00e1 deska CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser, kter\u00fd se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed meze difrakce, m\u00e1 dobrou kvalitu paprsku a po sv\u00e9m uveden\u00ed na trh byl \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed laserem, a je up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1n mnoha spole\u010dnostmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Spole\u010dnost CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor m\u00e1 nev\u00fdhody velk\u00e9ho objemu, slo\u017eit\u00e9 struktury a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 \u00fadr\u017eby. Kov nedok\u00e1\u017ee dob\u0159e absorbovat laser s vlnovou d\u00e9lkou 10,6 \u0447m, nem\u016f\u017ee pou\u017e\u00edt k p\u0159enosu laseru optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno a plazma indukovan\u00e1 \u010dasem sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed nedostatky. Pozd\u011bji pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fd laser YAG s vlnovou d\u00e9lkou 1,06 \u0447m vynahradil nedostatky CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry. D\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery YAG pou\u017e\u00edvaly metody \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed lamp, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly probl\u00e9my jako n\u00edzk\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost laseru (asi 3%) a \u0161patn\u00e1 kvalita paprsku. S neust\u00e1l\u00fdm pokrokem laserov\u00e9 technologie pokra\u010dovaly pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery YAG v pokroku a objevilo se mnoho nov\u00fdch laser\u016f. Stav v\u00fdvoje pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fdch laser\u016f YAG ukazuje tabulka 2.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table aligncenter\"><table><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Typ laseru &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Lampa napumpovan\u00e1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Dioda napumpovan\u00e1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Vl\u00e1knina \u010derpan\u00e1 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Vlo\u010dkov\u00fd DISK &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 koncov\u00e9 \u010derpadlo<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">V\u011bk vzhledu &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">80. l\u00e9ta 20. stolet\u00ed<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Konec osmdes\u00e1t\u00fdch let &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Polovina devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Polovina devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Konec devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Po\u010d\u00e1tek 21. stolet\u00ed &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">V\u00fdkon\/W<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">6000 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4400 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2000 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">4000 (prototyp) &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">200 &nbsp;<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">10000<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Kvalita paprsku (M<sup>2<\/sup> faktor)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">70<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">35<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">35<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">7<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">1.1<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">70<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Kvalita paprsku (K<sub>F<\/sub>\/mm\u2022 mard)<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">25<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">12<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">12<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">2.5<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.35<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">25<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption>Tabulka 2.2 Stav v\u00fdvoje pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fdch laser\u016f YAG<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z tabulky 2.1 a tabulky 2.2 je vid\u011bt, \u017ee krom\u011b neust\u00e1l\u00e9ho zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu laseru je dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm aspektem v\u00fdvoje laseru neust\u00e1l\u00e9 zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality paprsku laseru. Kvalita laserov\u00e9ho paprsku \u010dasto hraje v procesu laserov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roli ne\u017e v\u00fdkon laseru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdvoj v\u00fdroby laseru s <a href=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/more-knowledge-to-improving-laser-cutting-machine\/\">laser<\/a> v\u00fdkon a kvalita paprsku je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr\u00e1zku 2.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"482\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-development-of-manufacturing-lasers-with-laser-power-and-beam-quality.jpg\" alt=\"V\u00fdvoj v\u00fdroby laser\u016f s v\u00fdkonem laseru a kvalitou paprsku\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2393\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-development-of-manufacturing-lasers-with-laser-power-and-beam-quality.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-development-of-manufacturing-lasers-with-laser-power-and-beam-quality-500x301.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-development-of-manufacturing-lasers-with-laser-power-and-beam-quality-700x422.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-development-of-manufacturing-lasers-with-laser-power-and-beam-quality-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-development-of-manufacturing-lasers-with-laser-power-and-beam-quality-768x463.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.1 V\u00fdvoj v\u00fdrobn\u00edch laser\u016f s v\u00fdkonem laseru a kvalitou paprsku<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 21. stolet\u00ed se objevil dal\u0161\u00ed nov\u00fd typ laser-polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laseru. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s tradi\u010dn\u00edm vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery rezon\u00e1torov\u00e9 a YAG pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery, polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery maj\u00ed zjevn\u00e9 technick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody, jako jsou mal\u00e9 rozm\u011bry, n\u00edzk\u00e1 hmotnost, vysok\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost, n\u00edzk\u00e1 spot\u0159eba energie, dlouh\u00e1 \u017eivotnost a vysok\u00e1 m\u00edra absorpce kovu do polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laser\u016f. S neust\u00e1l\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem technologie polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laser\u016f se rychle rozv\u00edjely dal\u0161\u00ed pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery zalo\u017een\u00e9 na polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laserech, jako jsou vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery, polovodi\u010dov\u011b \u010derpan\u00e9 pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery a plo\u0161n\u00e9 lasery. Mezi nimi se rychle rozv\u00edjej\u00ed vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery, zejm\u00e9na vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery dopovan\u00e9 vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi zeminami, kter\u00e9 byly \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny ve vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 komunikaci, sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1ken, zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed laserov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch oborech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Od CO<sub>2<\/sub> plynov\u00fd laser na vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> plynov\u00fd laser<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laser, kter\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 CO<sub>2<\/sub> jako hlavn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tka se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser. Mal\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed N<sup>2<\/sup> a He je t\u0159eba p\u0159idat do jeho pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tky, aby se zlep\u0161il zisk, \u00fa\u010dinnost tepeln\u00e9 odolnosti a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon laseru. CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser m\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>V\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon je velk\u00fd. Obecn\u00e1 uzav\u0159en\u00e1 trubice CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt trval\u00fd v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon des\u00edtky watt\u016f, co\u017e je mnohem v\u00edce ne\u017e u jin\u00fdch plynov\u00fdch laser\u016f. Bo\u010dn\u00ed tok elektricky excitovan\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdkon des\u00edtek kilowatt\u016f.<\/li><li>Vysok\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost p\u0159em\u011bny energie. \u00da\u010dinnost p\u0159em\u011bny energie CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery mohou dos\u00e1hnout 30%~40%, co\u017e p\u0159evy\u0161uje ostatn\u00ed plynov\u00e9 lasery.<\/li><li>Spole\u010dnost CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159echod mezi energetick\u00fdmi hladinami CO<sub>2<\/sub> molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed vibrace a m\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b bohat\u00e9 spektrum. V bl\u00edzkosti vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky 10 \u0447m jsou ve v\u00fdstupu laseru des\u00edtky \u010dar spektra. Vysokotlak\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser vyvinut\u00fd v posledn\u00edch letech m\u016f\u017ee dosahovat plynule laditeln\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu od 9 do 10 \u0447m.<\/li><li>V\u00fdstupn\u00ed p\u00e1smo CO<sub>2 <\/sub>laser je p\u0159esn\u011b atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 okno (to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fhlednost atmosf\u00e9ry k t\u00e9to vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce je relativn\u011b vysok\u00e1)<\/li><li>Krom\u011b toho CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery maj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00fdhody vysok\u00e9 kvality v\u00fdstupn\u00edho paprsku, dobr\u00e9 koherence, \u00fazk\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky \u010d\u00e1ry, stabiln\u00edho provozu atd., tak\u017ee jsou \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v pr\u016fmyslu a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obran\u011b.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Struktura CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Typick\u00fd ut\u011bsn\u011bn\u00fd pod\u00e9ln\u00fd elektricky buzen\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/jAmrj9dkzd0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laser<\/a> rezon\u00e1tor se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z laserov\u00e9 trubice, elektrod a rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutiny (obr\u00e1zek 2.2). Nejkriti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed je laserov\u00e1 trubice vyroben\u00e1 z tvrd\u00e9ho skla, kter\u00e1 m\u00e1 obecn\u011b vrstvenou strukturu ruk\u00e1vu. Nejvnit\u0159n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstva je v\u00fdbojov\u00e1 trubice, druh\u00e1 vrstva je vodou chlazen\u00e1 pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 trubka a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstva je trubice pro skladov\u00e1n\u00ed plynu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"418\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-CO2-laser-structure.jpg\" alt=\"Schematick\u00fd diagram struktury CO2laseru\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2394\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-CO2-laser-structure.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-CO2-laser-structure-500x261.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-CO2-laser-structure-700x366.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-CO2-laser-structure-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-CO2-laser-structure-768x401.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.2 Sch\u00e9matick\u00fd diagram CO<sub>2<\/sub>laserov\u00e1 struktura<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdbojov\u00e1 trubice je um\u00edst\u011bna v oblasti kladn\u00e9ho sloupce doutnav\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje ve v\u00fdboji plynu. Tato oblast je bohat\u00e1 na \u010d\u00e1stice p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00edc\u00ed energii, jako jsou elektrony, ionty, metastabiln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice a fotony, co\u017e je oblast zisku laseru. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu existuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 po\u017eadavky na pr\u016fm\u011br, d\u00e9lku, kulatost a p\u0159\u00edmost v\u00fdbojov\u00e9 trubky. V\u011bt\u0161ina za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pod 100W je vyrobena z tvrd\u00e9ho skla. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se st\u0159edn\u00edm v\u00fdkonem (100~500W) jsou obvykle vyrobena z trubic z k\u0159emenn\u00e9ho skla, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna stabilita v\u00fdkonu nebo frekvence. Pr\u016fm\u011br trubky je obecn\u011b asi 10 mm a d\u00e9lka trubky m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt o n\u011bco siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vedle v\u00fdbojov\u00e9 trubice je pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 studen\u00e9 vody, jeho\u017e funkc\u00ed je sn\u00ed\u017eit teplotu pracovn\u00edho plynu v trubici, zajistit, aby za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed realizovalo distribuci inverze obyvatelstva a zabr\u00e1nit zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a prask\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdbojky b\u011bhem proces excitace v\u00fdboje. \u00da\u010delem p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed vodou chlazen\u00e9ho pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b je ochladit vzduch a plyn tak, aby v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon z\u016fstal stabiln\u00ed. V\u00fdbojov\u00e1 trubka je na obou konc\u00edch p\u0159ipojena k trubici pro skladov\u00e1n\u00ed plynu. Jeden konec trubice pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed plynu m\u00e1 mal\u00fd otvor komunikuj\u00edc\u00ed s v\u00fdbojovou trubic\u00ed a druh\u00fd konec je p\u0159ipojen k trubici v\u00fdboje p\u0159es spir\u00e1lovou vratnou trubici, tak\u017ee plyn m\u016f\u017ee cirkulovat ve v\u00fdbojov\u00e9 trubici a trubici pro uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed plynu. Plyn v potrub\u00ed lze kdykoli vym\u011bnit za plyn v potrub\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edku plynu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funkc\u00ed nejvzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1sobn\u00edku plynu je sn\u00ed\u017eit zm\u011bnu slo\u017een\u00ed a tlaku pracovn\u00edho plynu b\u011bhem procesu v\u00fdboje a zv\u00fd\u0161it mechanickou stabilitu v\u00fdbojky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Zp\u011btn\u00e1 trubice vzduchu je tenk\u00e1 spir\u00e1lov\u00e1 trubice spojuj\u00edc\u00ed dva prostory katody a anody, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee zlep\u0161it nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed tlaku mezi elektrodami zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 jevem elektrofor\u00e9zy. Velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je hodnota pr\u016fm\u011bru a d\u00e9lky vratn\u00e9ho potrub\u00ed. Nejen, \u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uje plynu na katod\u011b rychle proudit do oblasti anody pro dosa\u017een\u00ed rovnom\u011brn\u00e9 distribuce plynu, ale tak\u00e9 zabra\u0148uje jevu v\u00fdboje ve zp\u011btn\u00e9m potrub\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Elektrody se d\u011bl\u00ed na anodu a katodu. Katodov\u00fd materi\u00e1l vy\u017eaduje schopnost emitovat elektrony, n\u00edzkou rychlost rozpra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed a schopnost redukovat CO<sub>2<\/sub>. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u011bt\u0161ina CO<sub>2<\/sub> a laserov\u00e9 rezon\u00e1tory pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed niklov\u00e9 elektrody a plocha elektrody je ur\u010dena vnit\u0159n\u00edm pr\u016fm\u011brem v\u00fdbojov\u00e9 trubice a pracovn\u00edm proudem. Elektrodepozice je koaxi\u00e1ln\u00ed s v\u00fdbojkou. Velikost anody m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt stejn\u00e1 jako velikost katody, nebo m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt o n\u011bco men\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z celkov\u00e9ho zrcadla a v\u00fdstupn\u00edho zrcadla. Tot\u00e1ln\u00ed odrazov\u00e1 zrcadla st\u0159edn\u00edho a n\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor obecn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pozlacen\u00e1 sklen\u011bn\u00e1 zrcadla, proto\u017ee zlat\u00fd film m\u00e1 vysokou odrazivost sv\u011btla 10,6 \u0447m a je chemicky stabiln\u00ed. Zrcadla se sklen\u011bn\u00fdm substr\u00e1tem v\u0161ak maj\u00ed \u0161patnou tepelnou vodivost, tak\u017ee maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed kovov\u00e1 zrcadla, jako jsou m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e1 zrcadla nebo molybdenov\u00e1 zrcadla, nebo zrcadla pota\u017een\u00e1 zlatem a dielektrick\u00fdm filmem na le\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m bezkysl\u00edkat\u00e9m m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9m nerezov\u00e9m substr\u00e1tu. V\u00fdstupn\u00ed zrcadlo obvykle pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako substr\u00e1t materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et vlnovou d\u00e9lku 10,6 um, a je na n\u011bj pokoven v\u00edcevrstv\u00fd film pro \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 propustnosti pro dosa\u017een\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00edho vazebn\u00edho v\u00fdstupu. B\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jsou chlorid draseln\u00fd, chlorid sodn\u00fd, hlin\u00edk, arsen, selenid zinku, telurid kadmia a tak d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser je obvykle ploch\u00fd a konk\u00e1vn\u00ed. Celkov\u00e9 zrcadlo je vyrobeno z optick\u00e9ho skla K8 nebo optick\u00e9ho k\u0159emene, kter\u00e9 je zpracov\u00e1no do konk\u00e1vn\u00edho zrcadla s velk\u00fdm polom\u011brem zak\u0159iven\u00ed. Zrcadlov\u00fd povrch je pota\u017een vysoce reflexn\u00edm kovov\u00fdm filmem - pozlacen\u00fdm filmem, p\u0159i vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 10,6\u0447m Odrazivost v m\u00edst\u011b dosahuje 98,8% a chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti jsou stabiln\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sv\u011btlo vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 oxidem uhli\u010dit\u00fdm je infra\u010derven\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, tak\u017ee celoodrazov\u00e1 zrcadla mus\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvat materi\u00e1ly propou\u0161t\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed infra\u010derven\u00e9 sv\u011btlo. Proto\u017ee b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 optick\u00e9 sklo nen\u00ed pro infra\u010derven\u00e9 sv\u011btlo propustn\u00e9, je nutn\u00e9 otev\u0159\u00edt mal\u00fd otvor ve st\u0159edu cel\u00e9ho zrcadla a pot\u00e9 ut\u011bsnit kus infra\u010derven\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et 10,6 \u0447m lasery, aby ut\u011bsnil plyn, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu se laser v odd\u011blen\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina je v\u00fdstupem z mal\u00e9ho otvoru vn\u011b dutiny pro vytvo\u0159en\u00ed paprsku laserov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla nebo sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho no\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdbojov\u00fd proud uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor je relativn\u011b mal\u00fd. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se studen\u00e1 elektroda a katoda je vyrobena z molybdenov\u00e9ho plechu nebo niklov\u00e9ho plechu do v\u00e1lcov\u00e9ho tvaru. Pracovn\u00ed proud je 30~40MA, plocha katodov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce je 500cm<sup>2<\/sup>, aby nedo\u0161lo ke zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010do\u010dky, je mezi katodu a \u010do\u010dku p\u0159id\u00e1na sv\u011bteln\u00e1 z\u00e1vora. \u010cerpadlo je buzeno nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fdm stejnosm\u011brn\u00fdm nap\u00e1jen\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">V\u00fdstupn\u00ed charakteristiky CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd syst\u00e9m<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Crossflow CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor. Proud plynu je kolm\u00fd k ose dutiny. Spole\u010dnost CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser s touto strukturou m\u00e1 n\u00edzkou kvalitu paprsku a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se hlavn\u011b pro povrchovou \u00fapravu materi\u00e1l\u016f a obecn\u011b se nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery, cross-flow CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery maj\u00ed vysok\u00fd v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon, n\u00edzkou kvalitu paprsku a n\u00edzk\u00e9 ceny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">K\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fd tok CO<sub>2 <\/sub>lasery mohou vyu\u017e\u00edvat stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 (DC) buzen\u00ed a vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed (HF) buzen\u00ed a elektrody jsou um\u00edst\u011bny na obou stran\u00e1ch plazmov\u00e9 z\u00f3ny rovnob\u011b\u017en\u011b s osou dutiny. Zapalovac\u00ed a provozn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed plazmy je n\u00edzk\u00e9, plyn proud\u00ed plazmovou z\u00f3nou kolmo k paprsku a pr\u016fchod plynu proud\u00edc\u00edm elektrodov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem je velmi \u0161irok\u00fd, tak\u017ee pr\u016ftokov\u00fd odpor je velmi mal\u00fd, chlazen\u00ed paprsku plazma je velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a v\u00fdkon laseru nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00fd. Mnoho omezen\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">D\u00e9lka tohoto typu laseru je men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 1 m, ale m\u016f\u017ee generovat v\u00fdkon 8 kW. Vzhledem k bo\u010dn\u00edmu proud\u011bn\u00ed plynu plazmou v\u0161ak tento typ laseru vyfukuje plazmu pry\u010d z hlavn\u00edho v\u00fdbojov\u00e9ho okruhu, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se plocha plazmy na \u00faseku paprsku v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b odchyluje do troj\u00faheln\u00edku, kvalita paprsku nen\u00ed vysok\u00e1 a zobraz\u00ed se re\u017eimy vysok\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Pokud je k omezen\u00ed re\u017eimu pou\u017eit kruhov\u00fd otvor, lze do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry zlep\u0161it symetrii paprsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rychl\u00fd axi\u00e1ln\u00ed tok CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor. Struktura je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr\u00e1zku 2.3. Proud laserov\u00e9ho plynu tohoto druhu CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser je pod\u00e9l osy rezon\u00e1toru. V\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser s touto strukturou se pohybuje od stovek watt\u016f do 20 kW. Kvalita v\u00fdstupn\u00edho paprsku je lep\u0161\u00ed a je to hlavn\u00ed struktura, kter\u00e1 se v sou\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159i \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed laserem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rychl\u00fd axi\u00e1ln\u00ed tok CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery mohou vyu\u017e\u00edvat stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 (DC) buzen\u00ed a radiofrekven\u010dn\u00ed (RF) buzen\u00ed. Tvar plazmatu mezi elektrodami je \u0161t\u00edhl\u00fd sloupec. Aby se zabr\u00e1nilo rozpt\u00fdlen\u00ed plazmatu v okol\u00ed, je tento typ v\u00fdbojov\u00e9 oblasti \u010dasto v dut\u00e9 v\u00e1lcov\u00e9 sklen\u011bn\u00e9 trubici nebo keramick\u00e9 trubici. Plazma lze zap\u00e1lit a udr\u017eovat na obou konc\u00edch dvou prstencov\u00fdch elektrod. Zapalovac\u00ed a provozn\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na elektrod\u011b. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch je 20~30KV.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fast-axial-flow-CO2-laser.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2395\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fast-axial-flow-CO2-laser.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fast-axial-flow-CO2-laser-500x219.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fast-axial-flow-CO2-laser-700x306.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fast-axial-flow-CO2-laser-300x131.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Fast-axial-flow-CO2-laser-768x336.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.3 Rychl\u00e9 axi\u00e1ln\u00ed proud\u011bn\u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chlazen\u00ed cirkuluj\u00edc\u00edho plynu m\u00e1 formu rychl\u00e9ho axi\u00e1ln\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed. Aby bylo zaji\u0161t\u011bno efektivn\u00ed veden\u00ed tepla, k dosa\u017een\u00ed tohoto vysokorychlostn\u00edho proud\u011bn\u00ed se b\u011b\u017en\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed Rootsova dmychadla nebo nastaviteln\u00e9 kolov\u00e9 ventil\u00e1tory, ale pr\u016ftokov\u00fd odpor tohoto geometrick\u00e9ho tvaru je pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00fd a v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon laseru podl\u00e9h\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fdm omezen\u00edm, jako je nap\u0159. laserov\u00fd v\u00fdkon pouze n\u011bkolik set watt\u016f stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9ho budi\u010de. V\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon laseru je omezen\u00fd, tak\u017ee n\u011bkolik axi\u00e1ln\u00edch pr\u016ftokov\u00fdch chladic\u00edch v\u00fdbojek je \u010dasto spojeno v optick\u00e9 podob\u011b, aby byl zaji\u0161t\u011bn dostate\u010dn\u00fd v\u00fdkon laseru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proto\u017ee v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na elektrick\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edkonu na jednotku objemu, vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed buzen\u00ed je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e stejnosm\u011brn\u00e9 buzen\u00ed a hustota plazmatu je vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. RF excita\u010dn\u00ed axi\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016ftokov\u00fd laser, ve kter\u00e9m je p\u0159ipojeno n\u011bkolik axi\u00e1ln\u00edch chladic\u00edch v\u00fdbojek v optick\u00e9 form\u011b, kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed V\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout 20 kW. Axi\u00e1ln\u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery se d\u00edky axi\u00e1ln\u00ed symetrii plazmatu snadno ovl\u00e1daj\u00ed v z\u00e1kladn\u00edm re\u017eimu a produkuj\u00ed vysokou kvalitu paprsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Li\u0161tov\u00e9 difuzn\u00ed chlazen\u00ed CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser. Dif\u00fazn\u011b chlazen\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery jsou podobn\u00e9 \u010dasn\u011b uzav\u0159en\u00fdm CO<sub>2 <\/sub>lasery. Pracovn\u00ed plyn uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser je uzav\u0159en ve v\u00fdbojkov\u00e9 trubici a chlazen veden\u00edm tepla. P\u0159esto\u017ee je vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed st\u011bna v\u00fdbojky \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b chlazena, v\u00fdbojka m\u016f\u017ee generovat pouze 50W laserov\u00e9 energie na metr a nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 vyrobit kompaktn\u00ed vysokoenergetick\u00fd laser. Difuzn\u011b chlazen\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed metody uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v plynu, ale lasery jsou kompaktn\u00ed struktury, k v\u00fdboji plynu buzen\u00e9mu radiofrekvenc\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdmi elektrodami s v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed plochou. Elektrody mohou b\u00fdt chlazeny vodn\u00edm chlazen\u00edm a \u00fazk\u00e1 mezera mezi dv\u011bma elektrodami m\u016f\u017ee co nejv\u00edce odv\u00e1d\u011bt teplo z v\u00fdbojov\u00e9 dutiny, tak\u017ee lze z\u00edskat relativn\u011b vysokou hustotu v\u00fdstupn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dif\u00fazn\u011b chlazen\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 stabiln\u00ed rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutinu slo\u017eenou z v\u00e1lcov\u00fdch zrcadel. Proto\u017ee se opticky nestabiln\u00ed dutina m\u016f\u017ee snadno p\u0159izp\u016fsobit geometrii m\u00e9dia excitovan\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho zisku, deskov\u00fd dif\u00fazn\u011b chlazen\u00fd CO<sub>2<\/sub> laser m\u016f\u017ee produkovat laserov\u00e9 paprsky s vysokou hustotou v\u00fdkonu a kvalitu laserov\u00e9ho paprsku Vysok\u00e1, ale p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed paprsek tohoto typu laseru je obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00fd a pro tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed obd\u00e9ln\u00edkov\u00e9ho paprsku do kruhu je zapot\u0159eb\u00ed vodou chlazen\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro tvarov\u00e1n\u00ed odra\u017een\u00e9ho paprsku. symetrick\u00fd laserov\u00fd paprsek. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je rozsah v\u00fdstupn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu tohoto typu laseru 1~5KW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s pr\u016ftokem plynu CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery, deskov\u00e9 dif\u00fazn\u00ed chlazen\u00ed CO<sub>2 <\/sub>lasery se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed kompaktn\u00ed a robustn\u00ed strukturou a maj\u00ed mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou v\u00fdhodu, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v praktick\u00fdch aplikac\u00edch nemusej\u00ed b\u00fdt \u010derstv\u00e9, proto\u017ee proud\u00ed plyn CO<sub>2<\/sub> lasery. Laserov\u00fd pracovn\u00ed plyn, ale v laserov\u00e9 hlav\u011b je instalov\u00e1na mal\u00e1 asi 10L v\u00e1lcov\u00e1 n\u00e1doba pro ulo\u017een\u00ed pracovn\u00edho plynu laseru. Toho lze dos\u00e1hnout pomoc\u00ed extern\u00edho laserov\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro p\u0159\u00edvod pracovn\u00edho plynu a vodn\u00edho trval\u00e9ho v\u00fdm\u011bn\u00edku plynu. Tento druh v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 agentury funguje d\u00e9le ne\u017e jeden rok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-semiconductor-laser\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser ozna\u010duje typ laseru, jeho\u017e pracovn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem je polovodi\u010d. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi lasery maj\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery v\u00fdhody mal\u00fdch rozm\u011br\u016f, vysok\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti, jednoduch\u00e9 a robustn\u00ed struktury a p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 modulace. Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery maj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 aplikace v komunikaci, m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-semiconductor-foundation\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00fd z\u00e1klad<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010cist\u00e9 polovodi\u010de bez ne\u010distot se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed polovodi\u010de. Pokud jsou atomy ne\u010distot dopov\u00e1ny do vnit\u0159n\u00edch polovodi\u010d\u016f, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed se \u00farovn\u011b ne\u010distot pod vodiv\u00fdm p\u00e1sem a nad p\u00e1smem valence, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed donorov\u00e1 a akceptorov\u00e1 hladina. Obr\u00e1zek 2.4 ukazuje \u00farovn\u011b ne\u010distot monokrystalick\u00fdch Si polovodi\u010d\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"595\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Impurity-level-of-Si-single-crystal-semiconductor.jpg\" alt=\"\u00darove\u0148 ne\u010distot monokrystalick\u00e9ho polovodi\u010de Si\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2473\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Impurity-level-of-Si-single-crystal-semiconductor.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Impurity-level-of-Si-single-crystal-semiconductor-300x298.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Impurity-level-of-Si-single-crystal-semiconductor-150x149.jpg 150w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Impurity-level-of-Si-single-crystal-semiconductor-12x12.jpg 12w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.4 \u00darove\u0148 ne\u010distot monokrystalick\u00e9ho polovodi\u010de Si<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou krystalick\u00e9 struktury. Kdy\u017e je velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed atom\u016f pravideln\u011b a pevn\u011b spojeno do krystalu, tyto valen\u010dn\u00ed elektrony v krystalu jsou v\u0161echny v p\u00e1smu energie krystalu. Kdy\u017e je aplikov\u00e1no vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 pole, elektrony ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu p\u0159ech\u00e1zej\u00ed do vodiv\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma a mohou se voln\u011b pohybovat ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1smu, aby vedly elekt\u0159inu. Ztr\u00e1ta elektronu ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu je ekvivalentn\u00ed vzhledu kladn\u011b nabit\u00e9 d\u00edry, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee tak\u00e9 v\u00e9st elekt\u0159inu p\u0159i p\u016fsoben\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho elektrick\u00e9ho pole. Proto maj\u00ed otvory ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu a elektrony ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1smu vodiv\u00fd efekt, kter\u00e9mu se souhrnn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 nosi\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polovodi\u010d s donorovou \u00farovn\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 polovodi\u010d typu n; polovodi\u010d s akceptorovou \u00farovn\u00ed se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 polovodi\u010d typu p. P\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b je v\u011bt\u0161ina donorov\u00fdch atom\u016f polovodi\u010d\u016f typu n ionizov\u00e1na tepelnou energi\u00ed a elektrony jsou excitov\u00e1ny do vodivostn\u00edho p\u00e1su a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se voln\u00fdmi elektrony. V\u011bt\u0161ina akceptorov\u00fdch atom\u016f polovodi\u010d\u016f typu p zachycuje elektrony ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu d\u00edry. Proto jsou polovodi\u010de typu n vedeny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm elektrony ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1smu; Polovodi\u010de typu p jsou vedeny hlavn\u011b otvory ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V kusu polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu se n\u00e1hl\u00e1 zm\u011bna z oblasti typu p do oblasti typu n naz\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159echod pn. Na rozhran\u00ed je vytvo\u0159ena prostorov\u00e1 n\u00e1bojov\u00e1 z\u00f3na. Elektrony ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1smu polovodi\u010de typu n difunduj\u00ed do oblasti p a otvory ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu polovodi\u010de typu p difunduj\u00ed do oblasti n. Oblast typu n bl\u00edzko spojovac\u00ed oblasti je kladn\u011b nabit\u00e1, proto\u017ee je donorem, a oblast typu p pobl\u00ed\u017e spojovac\u00ed oblasti je nabit\u00e1 z\u00e1porn\u011b, proto\u017ee je akceptorem. Na rozhran\u00ed se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed elektrick\u00e9 pole sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00edc\u00ed z n z\u00f3ny do p z\u00f3ny, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 vestav\u011bn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole (neboli samovybudovan\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole). Toto elektrick\u00e9 pole br\u00e1n\u00ed pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed dif\u00fazi elektron\u016f a d\u011br.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pokud je na polovodi\u010dov\u00fd materi\u00e1l, kter\u00fd tvo\u0159\u00ed pn p\u0159echod, aplikov\u00e1no dop\u0159edn\u00e9 p\u0159edp\u011bt\u00ed, p oblast je p\u0159ipojena ke kladn\u00e9 elektrod\u011b a n oblast je p\u0159ipojena k z\u00e1porn\u00e9 elektrod\u011b. Elektrick\u00e9 pole propustn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed je opa\u010dn\u00e9 ne\u017e vestav\u011bn\u00e9 elektrick\u00e9 pole pn p\u0159echodu, co\u017e oslabuje p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eku vestav\u011bn\u00e9ho elektrick\u00e9ho pole pro dif\u00fazi elektron\u016f v krystalu, tak\u017ee voln\u00e9 elektrony v n-z\u00f3n\u011b jsou neust\u00e1le p\u016fsoben\u00edm propustn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dif\u00faze do oblasti p p\u0159es pn p\u0159echod. Kdy\u017e je v z\u00f3n\u011b p\u0159echodu sou\u010dasn\u011b velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed elektron\u016f ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1su a d\u011br ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1su, rekombinuj\u00ed se v z\u00f3n\u011b injekce. P\u0159i p\u0159echodu elektron\u016f ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1su do valen\u010dn\u00edho p\u00e1su je p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e1 energie emitov\u00e1na ve form\u011b sv\u011btla. vyj\u00edt. Toto je mechanismus polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 elektroluminiscence a tato spont\u00e1nn\u00ed rekombina\u010dn\u00ed luminiscence se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 spont\u00e1nn\u00ed emise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby pn p\u0159echod generoval laserov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt v oblasti p\u0159echodu vytvo\u0159ena distribuce inverze \u010d\u00e1stic, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pou\u017eit siln\u011b dopovan\u00fd polovodi\u010dov\u00fd materi\u00e1l a proud vst\u0159ikovan\u00fd do pn p\u0159echodu mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fd (nap\u0159. 30KA\/cm<sup>2<\/sup>). T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem lze v m\u00edstn\u00ed oblasti pn p\u0159echodu vytvo\u0159it obr\u00e1cen\u00fd distribu\u010dn\u00ed stav v\u00edce elektron\u016f ve vodiv\u00e9m p\u00e1su ne\u017e d\u011br ve valen\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1su, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se generuje stimulovan\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a emituje laserov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Optick\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho rezon\u00e1toru se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z roviny \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed (110 ploch) kolm\u00e9 na rovinu p\u0159echodu pn. M\u00e1 odrazivost 35%, co\u017e je dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed pro vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed oscilace laseru. Pokud je pot\u0159eba zv\u00fd\u0161it odrazivost, vrstva SiO<sub>2<\/sub> m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pokoveno na povrch krystalu a pot\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pokovena vrstva kovov\u00e9ho st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9ho filmu pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed odrazivosti vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 95%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jakmile je na polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser aplikov\u00e1no dop\u0159edn\u00e9 p\u0159edp\u011bt\u00ed, dojde v oblasti spojen\u00ed k inverzi populace a dojde k rekombinaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-conditions-for-semiconductor-stimulated-emission\">Podm\u00ednky pro polovodi\u010dov\u011b stimulovanou emisi<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery funguj\u00ed tak, \u017ee se vst\u0159ikuj\u00ed nosi\u010de a emituj\u00edc\u00ed lasery mus\u00ed spl\u0148ovat n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i z\u00e1kladn\u00ed podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Je nutn\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it dostate\u010dn\u00e9 rozlo\u017een\u00ed inverze populace, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee po\u010det \u010d\u00e1stic ve vysokoenergetick\u00e9m stavu je dostate\u010dn\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e po\u010det \u010d\u00e1stic v n\u00edzkoenergetick\u00e9m stavu.<\/li><li>Existuje vhodn\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee hr\u00e1t zp\u011btnovazebn\u00ed roli, tak\u017ee fotony stimulovan\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed se mno\u017e\u00ed za vzniku laserov\u00e9 oscilace.<\/li><li>Aby byl zisk foton\u016f roven nebo v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ztr\u00e1ta foton\u016f, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt spln\u011bna ur\u010dit\u00e1 prahov\u00e1 podm\u00ednka.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-injection-type-homojunction-semiconductor-laser\">Vst\u0159ikovac\u00ed typ homojunk\u010dn\u00edho polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laseru<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Homojunk\u010dn\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor GaAs injek\u010dn\u00edho typu je prvn\u00edm polovodi\u010dov\u00fdm laserem, kter\u00fd byl \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyvinut. Homogenn\u00ed p\u0159echod ozna\u010duje p\u0159echod pn slo\u017een\u00fd z polovodi\u010d\u016f typu p a typu n ze stejn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu matrice (jako je GaAs) a typ vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed ozna\u010duje metodu \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo nap\u00e1j\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser a vst\u0159ikuje proud k excitaci pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tky. .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obr\u00e1zek 2.5 (a) ukazuje typickou strukturu vzhledu tohoto laseru. Na pl\u00e1\u0161ti trubice je mal\u00e9 ok\u00e9nko pro v\u00fdstup laseru a elektroda na spodn\u00edm konci trubice se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro extern\u00ed nap\u00e1jen\u00ed. Uvnit\u0159 pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b je laserov\u00e1 matrice, jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr\u00e1zku 2.5(b). Existuje mnoho tvar\u016f matrice, Obr\u00e1zek 2.5(c) je schematick\u00fd diagram struktury matrice ve tvaru mesa. Tlou\u0161\u0165ka pn p\u0159echodu je pouze des\u00edtky mikron\u016f. Obecn\u011b plat\u00ed, \u017ee tenk\u00e1 vrstva GaAs typu p se p\u011bstuje na dn\u011b vesnice GaAs typu n, aby vytvo\u0159ila spojen\u00ed pn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"265\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.6-Typical-structure-of-homojunction-GaAs-semiconductor-laser.jpg\" alt=\"2.6 Typick\u00e1 struktura homojunk\u010dn\u00edho GaAs polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laseru\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2476\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.6-Typical-structure-of-homojunction-GaAs-semiconductor-laser.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.6-Typical-structure-of-homojunction-GaAs-semiconductor-laser-300x159.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.5 Typick\u00e1 struktura homo junction GaAs polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laseru<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina laseru obecn\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dv\u011b koncov\u00e9 plochy kolm\u00e9 na pn p\u0159echod. Index lomu GaAs je 3,6 a odrazivost sv\u011btla kolm\u00e9ho ke koncov\u00e9mu povrchu je 32%. Za \u00fa\u010delem zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu a sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed provozn\u00edho proudu je jeden z reflexn\u00edch povrch\u016f obecn\u011b pokoven zlatem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-heterojunction-semiconductor-laser\">Heterojunk\u010dn\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Studie uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee pro homojunk\u010dn\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat n\u00edzk\u00e9 prahov\u00e9 proudy a dos\u00e1hnout nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho provozu p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b. Proto lid\u00e9 vyvinuli heterojunk\u010dn\u00ed lasery na tomto z\u00e1klad\u011b. Heterojunk\u010dn\u00ed lasery jsou tak\u00e9 lasery s jednoduch\u00fdm heterop\u0159echodem (SH) a lasery s dvojit\u00fdm heterop\u0159echodem (SH). Mass junction (DH) laser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Jednoduch\u00fd heterop\u0159echodov\u00fd polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser. Obr\u00e1zek 2.6 ukazuje strukturu jednoduch\u00e9ho heterojunk\u010dn\u00edho laseru (GaAs-P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>As) a schematick\u00fd diagram zm\u011bny energetick\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma, zm\u011bny indexu lomu a rozlo\u017een\u00ed intenzity sv\u011btla v ka\u017ed\u00e9 oblasti. Je vid\u011bt, \u017ee po p\u0159id\u00e1n\u00ed heterogenn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu GaAs-P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Pokud jde o stranu P-GaAs, elektronov\u00e1 energetick\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra rozhran\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee elektrony vst\u0159ikovan\u00e9 do P-GaAs z N-GaAs mohou b\u00fdt omezeny pouze v P z\u00f3n\u011b, aby se rekombinovaly a generovaly fotony. Kv\u016fli zm\u011bn\u011b indexu lomu na rozhran\u00ed P-GaAs a P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Fotony generovan\u00e9 rekombinac\u00ed v aktivn\u00ed oblasti jsou odra\u017eeny a omezeny ve vrstv\u011b P-GaAs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Omezuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek heterop\u0159echodu na elektrony a fotony sni\u017euje jejich ztr\u00e1tu, tak\u017ee prahov\u00e1 proudov\u00e1 hustota jednoduch\u00e9ho heterop\u0159echodov\u00e9ho laseru p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b je sn\u00ed\u017eena na 8 KA\/cm<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"538\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.7-Energy-band-refractive-index-and-light-intensity-distribution-of-GaAs-P-Ga1-xAlxAs-single-heterojunction.jpg\" alt=\"Energetick\u00fd p\u00e1s, index lomu a rozlo\u017een\u00ed intenzity sv\u011btla jednoduch\u00e9 heterop\u0159echody GaAs-P-Ga1-xAlxAs\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2477\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.7-Energy-band-refractive-index-and-light-intensity-distribution-of-GaAs-P-Ga1-xAlxAs-single-heterojunction.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.7-Energy-band-refractive-index-and-light-intensity-distribution-of-GaAs-P-Ga1-xAlxAs-single-heterojunction-223x300.jpg 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.6 Energetick\u00fd p\u00e1s, index lomu a rozlo\u017een\u00ed intenzity sv\u011btla jednoduch\u00e9 heterop\u0159echodky GaAs-P-Ga1-xAlxAs<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V jedin\u00e9m laserov\u00e9m zdroji heterop\u0159echodu hraje heterop\u0159echod roli p\u0159i omezov\u00e1n\u00ed dif\u00faze nosi\u010d\u016f, ale nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se pro injekci, tak\u017ee hodnota x se obecn\u011b vol\u00ed relativn\u011b velk\u00e1, nap\u0159\u00edklad 0,3 &lt;x&lt;0.5. In a semiconductor laser resonator, the thickness d of the active region is critical. If d is too large, it will lose the meaning of carrier limitation, and if d is too small, it will increase the loss. In single heterojunction lasers, d\u22482\u0447m is generally adopted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dvojit\u00fd heterop\u0159echodov\u00fd polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laserov\u00fd zdroj. K sekven\u010dn\u00edmu r\u016fstu N-Ga byla pou\u017eita epitaxe v kapaln\u00e9 f\u00e1zi<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>As, P-GaAs, P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>As, As monokrystalick\u00e9 tenk\u00e9 vrstvy na dn\u011b vesnice N-GaAs. Existuj\u00ed N-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>As, jako vrstvy a P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jako vrstvy na obou stran\u00e1ch aktivn\u00ed oblasti P-GaAs, tvo\u0159\u00edc\u00ed N-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jako \/P-GaAs a P-GaAs\/P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jako dv\u011b heterop\u0159echody N-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>As a P-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr\u00e1zku 2.7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-double-heterojunction-laser-structure.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2431\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-double-heterojunction-laser-structure.jpg 800w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-double-heterojunction-laser-structure-500x212.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-double-heterojunction-laser-structure-700x297.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-double-heterojunction-laser-structure-300x127.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Schematic-diagram-of-double-heterojunction-laser-structure-768x325.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.7 Sch\u00e9ma struktury dvojit\u00e9ho heterop\u0159echodn\u00edho laseru<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obr\u00e1zek 2.8 ukazuje energetick\u00fd p\u00e1s, index lomu a rozlo\u017een\u00ed intenzity sv\u011btla dvojit\u00e9ho heterop\u0159echodn\u00edho laseru. Aktivn\u00ed oblast P-GaAs je vlo\u017eena mezi dva Ga s \u0161irok\u00fdm p\u00e1smem<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jako vrstvy. U t\u00e9to struktury se d\u00edky jej\u00ed symetrii ji\u017e neomezuje pouze na vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed elektron\u016f. Dvojit\u00e1 heterop\u0159echodov\u00e1 struktura umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed jak injekce elektron\u016f, tak injekce d\u011br. Pokud je \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka aktivn\u00ed oblasti men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dif\u00fazn\u00ed d\u00e9lka nosi\u010d\u016f, m\u016f\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina nosi\u010d\u016f difundovat do aktivn\u00ed oblasti p\u0159ed rekombinac\u00ed. Kdy\u017e dos\u00e1hnou heterop\u0159echodu, jsou odpuzov\u00e1ny potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed bari\u00e9rou a z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v aktivn\u00ed oblasti. Pokud je tlou\u0161\u0165ka d aktivn\u00ed oblasti mnohem men\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e dif\u00fazn\u00ed d\u00e9lka nosi\u010d\u016f, nosi\u010de rovnom\u011brn\u011b vypln\u00ed aktivn\u00ed oblast. U tohoto druhu laseru doch\u00e1z\u00ed k rekombinaci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 rovnom\u011brn\u011b v aktivn\u00ed oblasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"524\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.9-GaAs-Ga1-xAlxAs-energy-band-refractive-index-and-light-intensity-distribution-of-double-heterojunction.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2478\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.9-GaAs-Ga1-xAlxAs-energy-band-refractive-index-and-light-intensity-distribution-of-double-heterojunction.jpg 400w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.9-GaAs-Ga1-xAlxAs-energy-band-refractive-index-and-light-intensity-distribution-of-double-heterojunction-229x300.jpg 229w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.8 GaAs-Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>As, energetick\u00fd p\u00e1s, index lomu a rozlo\u017een\u00ed intenzity sv\u011btla dvojit\u00e9ho heterop\u0159echodu<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Proto\u017ee ob\u011b strany aktivn\u00ed oblasti jsou \u0161irokop\u00e1smov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, efektivn\u00ed index lomu sk\u00e1\u010de v hierarchii, tak\u017ee fotony jsou omezeny v aktivn\u00ed oblasti a rozlo\u017een\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho pole je tak\u00e9 symetrick\u00e9. Dvojit\u00fd heterop\u0159echod m\u016f\u017ee \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b omezit nosi\u010de a fotony, tak\u017ee prahov\u00e1 proudov\u00e1 hustota laseru je v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eena a je realizov\u00e1n nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd provoz laseru p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pot\u00e9, co dvojit\u00fd heterojunk\u010dn\u00ed laser dos\u00e1hne nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho provozu p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem, jak zlep\u0161it \u017eivotnost za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee za\u010d\u00edt \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm probl\u00e9mu struktury aktivn\u00ed oblasti a odvodu tepla. P\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch po\u017eadavc\u00edch existuje v\u00edce struktur laser\u016f s dvojit\u00fdm heterop\u0159echodem, typi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je laser s dvojit\u00fdm heterop\u0159echodem (DH). V GaAs\/ Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jako DH lasery, bandgap GaAs odpov\u00edd\u00e1 vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce laseru asi 0,89 um. Lasery InP\/InGaAsP DH pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed rozsah 0,92~1,65\u0447m. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ztr\u00e1ta optick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna je 1,3~1,6\u0447m, InP\/InGaAsP DH lasery maj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 aplikace pro komunika\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my s optick\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti, zat\u00edmco GaAs\/Ga<sub>1-x<\/sub>Al<sub>X<\/sub>Jako DH lasery se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v komunika\u010dn\u00edch syst\u00e9mech s optick\u00fdmi vl\u00e1kny na kr\u00e1tkou vzd\u00e1lenost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-yag-solid-state-laser\">YAG pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fd laser<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">J\u00e1drem laserov\u00e9 emise je pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tka laseru (tj. pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tka obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed metastabiln\u00ed hladinu energie) v laseru, kter\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee realizovat inverzi populace, jako je laser, jeho\u017e pracovn\u00ed l\u00e1tkou je krystal nebo sklo, kter\u00e9 se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 krystal. laser, respektive sklen\u011bn\u00fd laser. Obvykle se tyto dva typy laser\u016f souhrnn\u011b ozna\u010duj\u00ed jako pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery. Mezi lasery byl jako prvn\u00ed vyvinut pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fd laser. Tento druh laseru m\u00e1 malou velikost, vysok\u00fd v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon a pohodlnou aplikaci. Pro pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00e9 lasery existuj\u00ed t\u0159i hlavn\u00ed pracovn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly; yttrium-hlin\u00edkov\u00fd gran\u00e1t dopovan\u00fd neodymem (Nd: YAG), s v\u00fdstupn\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lkou 1,06 \u0447m, kter\u00fd je b\u00edl\u00fd a modr\u00fd; neodymov\u00e9 sklo s v\u00fdstupn\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lkou 1,06 \u0447m, kter\u00e9 je purpurov\u011b modr\u00e9; rub\u00edn, v\u00fdstupn\u00ed vlnov\u00e1 d\u00e9lka je 0,694\u0447m, co\u017e je \u010derven\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">YAG lasery jsou nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm typem pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fdch laser\u016f. Lasery YAG vy\u0161ly pozd\u011bji ne\u017e lasery z rub\u00ednov\u00e9ho a neodymov\u00e9ho skla. V roce 1964 byly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyvinuty krystaly YAG. Po n\u011bkolika letech usilovn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce byly optick\u00e9 a fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti krystalov\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f YAG neust\u00e1le zdokonalov\u00e1ny a proces p\u0159\u00edpravy velkorozm\u011brov\u00fdch krystal\u016f YAG byl p\u0159ekon\u00e1n. Do roku 1971 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 kreslit velkorozm\u011brov\u00e9 krystaly Nd:YAG o pr\u016fm\u011bru 40 mm a d\u00e9lce 200 mm, co\u017e poskytlo vysoce kvalitn\u00ed krystaly za m\u00edrn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady pro v\u00fdvoj YAG laser\u016f a podpo\u0159ilo v\u00fdvoj YAG lasery. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed v\u00fdvoj laser\u016f znamenal rozmach v\u00fdzkumu a aplikace YAG laser\u016f. V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 instituce v mnoha pr\u016fmyslov\u011b vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00edch investovaly mnoho pracovn\u00edch sil a finan\u010dn\u00edch zdroj\u016f, aby studovaly, jak zlep\u0161it \u00fa\u010dinnost, v\u00fdkon a spolehlivost YAG laser\u016f a \u0159e\u0161it technick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my. N\u011bkter\u00e9 aplika\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky byly dosa\u017eeny v oblastech laserov\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, laserov\u00e9ho radaru, laserov\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed a laserov\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9ho o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad YAG Laser Precision Tracking Radar (syst\u00e9m PATS) \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017eila v oblasti m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed st\u0159el v roce 1971 spole\u010dnost Silvania ze Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. V 80. letech 20. stolet\u00ed v\u00fdzkum a aplikace YAG laser\u016f dozr\u00e1ly a vstoupily do obdob\u00ed rychl\u00e9ho rozvoje a staly se hlavn\u00edm proudem v\u00fdvoje a aplikace r\u016fzn\u00fdch laser\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-structure-of-yag-laser\">Struktura YAG laseru<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Obecn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, YAG laser ozna\u010duje Nd: YAG laser dopovan\u00fd trojmocn\u00fdm Nd<sup>3+<\/sup> v krystalu yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG). Vyza\u0159uje bl\u00edzk\u00fd infra\u010derven\u00fd laserov\u00fd zdroj 1,06 \u0447m a je to pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fd laser, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee pracovat nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b. V pulzn\u00edch laserech mal\u00e9ho a st\u0159edn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu se v sou\u010dasnosti pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed lasery Nd:YAG v mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e9 lasery. V\u00fdkon jedin\u00e9ho pulzu emitovan\u00fd t\u00edmto laserem m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout 107W nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zpracov\u00e1vat materi\u00e1ly extr\u00e9mn\u011b vysokou rychlost\u00ed. Lasery YAG maj\u00ed vysokou energii, vysok\u00fd \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon, kompaktn\u00ed strukturu, pevnost a odolnost, spolehliv\u00fd v\u00fdkon, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, jednoduch\u00e9 ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed atd. Vlastnosti, jsou \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny v pr\u016fmyslu, n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obran\u011b, l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010db\u011b, v\u011bdeck\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu a dal\u0161\u00edch oborech. Krystal Nd: YAG m\u00e1 vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 vlastnosti a je velmi vhodn\u00fd pro v\u00fdrobu kontinu\u00e1ln\u00edch a opakuj\u00edc\u00edch se laserov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">YAG laser obsahuje YAG laserovou zdrojovou ty\u010d, xenonovou lampu, dutinu kondenz\u00e1toru, Q sp\u00edna\u010d, polariz\u00e1tor, celkov\u00e9 zrcadlo, semi-feedback atd., struktura je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr\u00e1zku 2.9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"267\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/YAG-laser-structure-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2491\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/YAG-laser-structure-1.jpg 700w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/YAG-laser-structure-1-500x191.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/YAG-laser-structure-1-300x114.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.9 Struktura YAG laseru<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pracovn\u00edm m\u00e9diem mikrooptick\u00e9ho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed YAG je ty\u010d Nd:YAG, boky zdrsn\u011bny, dva konce zabrou\u0161eny do roviny, antireflexn\u00ed vrstva je pokovena. Krystal pro zdvojen\u00ed frekvence vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 krystal oxidu draseln\u00e9ho (KTP) s antireflexn\u00ed vrstvou na obou stran\u00e1ch. Dutina pro laserovou spektroskopii vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 rovinn\u011b konk\u00e1vn\u00ed stabiln\u00ed dutinu, d\u00e9lka dutiny je 530 mm a polom\u011br zak\u0159iven\u00ed rovinn\u00e9ho konk\u00e1vn\u00edho celkov\u00e9ho zrcadla je 2 m. Pro zrcadlo galvanometru pou\u017eijte k\u0159emenn\u00e9 \u010do\u010dky s vysokou propustnost\u00ed a vysok\u00fdm odrazem a frekvence modulace za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Q sp\u00edna\u010de je nastaviteln\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laserov\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina je t\u0159\u00edzrcadlov\u011b slo\u017een\u00e1 dutina s 1,3 mm rezonanc\u00ed spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry, v\u010detn\u011b dvou modul\u016f polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laserov\u00fdch \u010derpadel, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd modul se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 20W polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laserov\u00fdch pol\u00ed (LD) se st\u0159edn\u00ed vlnovou d\u00e9lkou 808 nm a celkov\u00e1 \u0160\u00ed\u0159ka spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry M\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 3 nm, krystal laseru je 3 mm \u00d7 75 mm Nd: YAG, koncentrace dopingu je 1,0% a mezi dva moduly LD pumpy je vlo\u017een 1,319nm laserov\u00fd 90\u00b0 quartzov\u00fd rot\u00e1tor pro kompenzaci tepeln\u011b indukovan\u00e9ho dvojlomn\u00e9ho efektu . <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stabiln\u00ed oblasti rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutiny radi\u00e1ln\u011b polarizovan\u00e9ho sv\u011btla a radi\u00e1ln\u011b polarizovan\u00e9ho sv\u011btla se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed, co\u017e je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu a zlep\u0161en\u00ed kvality paprsku. Akustooptick\u00fd Q sp\u00edna\u010d s vysokou difrak\u010dn\u00ed ztr\u00e1tou se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro generov\u00e1n\u00ed Q-sp\u00ednan\u00e9ho pulzn\u00edho v\u00fdstupu a opakovac\u00ed frekvenci lze nastavit v rozsahu 1~50 kHz. Navr\u017een\u00e1 rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutina vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed skute\u010dn\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na slo\u017een\u00e9 rameno pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed hustoty v\u00fdkonu, co\u017e je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 pro neline\u00e1rn\u00ed frekven\u010dn\u00ed konverzi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plano zrcadlo M<sub>1<\/sub> je pota\u017eena 1319nm, 659,4nm dvojit\u00fdm vysoce reflexn\u00edm filmov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem, plankonk\u00e1vn\u00ed zrcadlo M<sub>2<\/sub> je v\u00fdstupn\u00ed spojovac\u00ed zrcadlo a plankonk\u00e1vn\u00ed zrcadlo M<sub>3<\/sub> je 1319nm, 659nm, 440nm t\u0159\u00edvlnn\u00e1 vysoce reflexn\u00ed f\u00f3lie. Proto\u017ee intenzita spektr\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ry 1064nm krystalu Nd:YAG je t\u0159ikr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e intenzita vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky 1319nm, M<sub>1<\/sub>, M<sub>2<\/sub>, M<sub>3<\/sub>, konstrukce dutinov\u00e9ho zrcadla vy\u017eaduje, aby propustnost vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lky 1064nm byla v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 60%, co\u017e je velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro potla\u010den\u00ed oscilace laseru 1064nm. z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aby se sn\u00ed\u017eila vlo\u017en\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta v dutin\u011b, m\u011bly by b\u00fdt v\u0161echny sou\u010d\u00e1sti v dutin\u011b pota\u017eeny antireflexn\u00ed vrstvou. Polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser nep\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 tvarovac\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed ani komponenty optick\u00e9ho zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed a krystal Nd:YAG je \u010derp\u00e1n ze sousedn\u00edch 120\u00b0 sm\u011br\u016f. Optimalizac\u00ed parametr\u016f \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed lze z\u00edskat relativn\u011b rovnom\u011brn\u00fd profil zes\u00edlen\u00ed podobn\u00fd Gaussovi. Tento design je jednoduch\u00fd, kompaktn\u00ed a praktick\u00fd a lze jej l\u00e9pe sladit s vlastn\u00edm re\u017eimem rezon\u00e1toru, co\u017e je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 pro zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnosti extrakce energie a kvality paprsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee krystal lithiov\u00e9ho tribem\u00e1tu (LBO) m\u00e1 vysok\u00fd pr\u00e1h po\u0161kozen\u00ed, n\u00edzkou absorpci sv\u011btla se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed frekvenc\u00ed a sv\u011btlo s dvojn\u00e1sobnou frekvenc\u00ed, m\u016f\u017ee dos\u00e1hnout 1319nm dvojfrekven\u010dn\u00edho a trojn\u00e1sobn\u00e9ho frekven\u010dn\u00edho f\u00e1zov\u00e9ho p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed a m\u00e1 v\u00fdhody vhodn\u00fdch efektivn\u00edch neline\u00e1rn\u00edch koeficient\u016f, tak\u017ee si vyberte dva Krystaly LBO se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed jako krystaly pro zdvojn\u00e1soben\u00ed intrakavit\u00e1ln\u00ed frekvence a intrakavit\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u010dtovou frekvenci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-output-characteristics-of-yag-laser\">V\u00fdstupn\u00ed charakteristiky YAG laseru<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Lamp-pumped Nd: YAG laser. Struktura je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr\u00e1zku 2.10 a obr\u00e1zku 2.11. Zesilovac\u00ed m\u00e9dium Nd:YAG m\u00e1 tvar ty\u010de a je \u010dasto um\u00edst\u011bno na ohniskov\u00e9 linii dutiny kondenz\u00e1toru odrazu kruhu s dvojit\u00fdm cukrem. Dv\u011b lampy pumpy jsou um\u00edst\u011bny na dvou vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ohniskov\u00fdch lini\u00edch dvojit\u00e9 elipsy a chladic\u00ed voda proud\u00ed mezi lampou pumpy a laserovou ty\u010d\u00ed se sklen\u011bnou trubic\u00ed.<\/li><li>U vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch laser\u016f omezuje tepeln\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek laserov\u00e9 ty\u010de maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon ka\u017ed\u00e9 laserov\u00e9 ty\u010de. Teplo uvnit\u0159 laserov\u00e9 ty\u010de a ochlazov\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu laserov\u00e9 ty\u010de zp\u016fsobuje teplotn\u00ed gradient krystalu tak, \u017ee maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdkon pumpy mus\u00ed b\u00fdt ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e aby do\u0161lo k po\u0161kozen\u00ed. Hranice stresu. Rozsah efektivn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu jednoty\u010dov\u00e9ho Nd:YAG laseru je 50~800W. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon Nd:YAG laser\u016f lze z\u00edskat zapojen\u00edm Nd:YAG laserov\u00fdch ty\u010d\u00ed do s\u00e9rie.<\/li><li>Diodov\u011b \u010derpan\u00fd Nd:YAG laser. Struktura diodov\u011b \u010derpan\u00e9ho Nd:YAG laseru je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr\u00e1zku 2.12 a jako zdroj sv\u011btla \u010derpadla je pou\u017eit polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser GaAlAs.<\/li><li>Pou\u017eit\u00ed polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laseru jako zdroje pumpy zvy\u0161uje \u017eivotnost sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed a eliminuje po\u017eadavek na pravidelnou v\u00fdm\u011bnu lampy pumpy p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed pumpy lampy. Diodov\u011b \u010derpan\u00fd Nd:YAG laser m\u00e1 vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spolehlivost a del\u0161\u00ed pracovn\u00ed dobu.<\/li><li>Vysok\u00e1 konverzn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost diodov\u011b \u010derpan\u00e9ho Nd:YAG laseru poch\u00e1z\u00ed z dobr\u00e9ho spektr\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed mezi emisn\u00edm spektrem polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho laseru a absorpc\u00ed Nd:YAG. Polovodi\u010dov\u00fd laser GaAIAs vyza\u0159uje \u00fazkop\u00e1smovou vlnovou d\u00e9lku. P\u0159esn\u00fdm nastaven\u00edm obsahu Al m\u016f\u017ee vyza\u0159ovat sv\u011btlo o vlnov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce 808 nm, co\u017e je v absorp\u010dn\u00edm p\u00e1smu Nd<sup>3+<\/sup> \u010d\u00e1stice. Elektro-optick\u00e1 konverzn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinnost polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laser\u016f je p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40%-50%, co\u017e je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d diody \u010derpan\u00e9 Nd; Lasery YAG mohou dos\u00e1hnout \u00fa\u010dinnosti konverze vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e 10%. Zat\u00edmco lampa je buzena, aby produkovala b\u00edl\u00e9 sv\u011btlo, krystal Nd:YAG pohlcuje pouze malou \u010d\u00e1st spektra, co\u017e vede k jej\u00ed n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinnosti.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"357\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Pump-lamp-and-laser-rod-of-laser-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2503\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Pump-lamp-and-laser-rod-of-laser-1.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Pump-lamp-and-laser-rod-of-laser-1-300x179.jpg 300w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Pump-lamp-and-laser-rod-of-laser-1-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Pump-lamp-and-laser-rod-of-laser-1-150x89.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.10 Lampa \u010derpadla a laserov\u00e1 ty\u010d laseru<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"293\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Multi-laser-rod-resonator-fiber-output-kilowatt.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2492\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Multi-laser-rod-resonator-fiber-output-kilowatt.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Multi-laser-rod-resonator-fiber-output-kilowatt-500x244.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Multi-laser-rod-resonator-fiber-output-kilowatt-300x147.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.11 V\u00edcelaserov\u00fd ty\u010dov\u00fd rezon\u00e1torov\u00fd vl\u00e1knov\u00fd v\u00fdstup kilowatt Nd:YAG laser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/diode-pumped-laser-structure-diagram-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2502\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/diode-pumped-laser-structure-diagram-7.jpg 600w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/diode-pumped-laser-structure-diagram-7-500x213.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/diode-pumped-laser-structure-diagram-7-300x128.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2. 12 Sch\u00e9ma struktury Nd: YAG laseru \u010derpan\u00e9 diodou<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-fiber-laser\">Vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-classification-of-fiber-lasers\">Klasifikace vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery jsou lasery, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed optick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna jako m\u00e9dium zdroje laseru. Podle motiva\u010dn\u00edho mechanismu jej lze rozd\u011blit do n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dty\u0159 kategori\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laserov\u00fd zdroj dopovan\u00fd vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi zeminami prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm dotov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch iont\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin v materi\u00e1lu matrice vl\u00e1ken pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed laserov\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma vlnov\u00fdch d\u00e9lek.<\/li><li>Vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery vyroben\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed neline\u00e1rn\u00edch efekt\u016f vl\u00e1ken, jako je stimulovan\u00fd Raman\u016fv rozptyl (SRS) atd.<\/li><li>Jednokrystalov\u00e9 vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery, v\u010detn\u011b rub\u00ednov\u00fdch jednokrystalov\u00fdch vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f, jednoproduktov\u00e9 vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery Nd:YAG atd.<\/li><li>Dye vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser, vypln\u011bn\u00edm plastov\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra nebo pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b barvivem pro realizaci laserov\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupu.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mezi t\u011bmito typy vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f jsou vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery a zesilova\u010de dopovan\u00e9 ionty vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a maj\u00ed nejrychlej\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdvoj. Byly aplikov\u00e1ny v oblastech vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 komunikace, sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1ken a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed laserov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, tento typ laseru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-waveguide-principle-of-fiber-laser\">Princip vlnovodu vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laseru<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geometrick\u00e1 struktura jednovrstv\u00e9ho vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho zdroje je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bna na obr\u00e1zku 2.13. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se zdrojem pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fdch laser\u016f maj\u00ed vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery alespo\u0148 jednu volnou dr\u00e1hu paprsku vytvo\u0159enou v laserov\u00e9m rezon\u00e1toru a tvorba paprsku a zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed do vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f je realizov\u00e1no v optick\u00fdch vlnovodech. Obecn\u011b jsou tyto optick\u00e9 vlnovody zalo\u017eeny na optoelektronick\u00fdch dielektrick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech dopovan\u00fdch vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi zeminami. Nap\u0159\u00edklad materi\u00e1ly z k\u0159em\u00edku, fosf\u00e1tov\u00e9ho skla a fluoridov\u00e9ho skla vykazuj\u00ed \u00fatlum asi 10 dB\/km, co\u017e je o n\u011bkolik \u0159\u00e1d\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e krystaly laseru v pevn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi. Ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s krystalick\u00fdmi pevn\u00fdmi materi\u00e1ly vykazuj\u00ed absorp\u010dn\u00ed a emisn\u00ed p\u00e1sy iont\u016f vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 spektrum. Interakce sklen\u011bn\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu toti\u017e sni\u017euje frekven\u010dn\u00ed stabilitu a pot\u0159ebnou \u0161\u00ed\u0159ku zdroje sv\u011btla pumpy. Proto je nutn\u00e9 volit zdroj laserov\u00e9 diodov\u00e9 pumpy s vhodnou vlnovou d\u00e9lkou pro vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-geometry-of-a-single-layer-fiber-laser-2.jpg\" alt=\"Geometrie jednovrstv\u00e9ho vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho zdroje\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2522\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-geometry-of-a-single-layer-fiber-laser-2.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/The-geometry-of-a-single-layer-fiber-laser-2-300x224.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.13 Geometrie zdroje jednovrstv\u00e9ho vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laseru<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno obsahuje aktivn\u00ed j\u00e1dro dopovan\u00e9 vz\u00e1cn\u00fdmi zeminami s indexem lomu n<sub>1<\/sub>, obvykle obklopen\u00fd vrstvou \u010dist\u00e9ho k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00e9ho sklen\u011bn\u00e9ho pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b a index lomu pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b je n<sub>2<\/sub>&lt;n<sub>1<\/sub>. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b celkov\u00e9ho odrazu uvnit\u0159 rozhran\u00ed mezi j\u00e1drem a pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bm je tedy vlnovod generov\u00e1n ve vrstv\u011b j\u00e1dra. Pro z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pumpy a laserov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je j\u00e1drov\u00e1 vrstva vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laseru aktivn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00edm i vlnovodem. Cel\u00e9 optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno je chr\u00e1n\u011bno p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi vlivy vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed polymerovou vrstvou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U opticky excitovan\u00fdch vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f je z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pumpy p\u0159ipojeno k j\u00e1dru laseru p\u0159es povrch vl\u00e1kna. Pokud je v\u0161ak pumpov\u00e1no axi\u00e1ln\u011b, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pumpy v\u00e1z\u00e1no do vlnovodu pouze n\u011bkolika mikron\u016f. Proto mus\u00ed b\u00fdt k buzen\u00ed multividov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna pou\u017eit vysoce transparentn\u00ed zdroj z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pumpy a aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdstupn\u00ed v\u00fdkon zdroje z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed je omezen na asi 1W. Pro proporcion\u00e1ln\u00ed zes\u00edlen\u00ed v\u00fdkonu \u010derpadla je nutn\u00e9 sladit parametry svazku vl\u00e1kna s velk\u00fdm otvorem s polem vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laser\u016f. Zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno aktivn\u00ed j\u00e1dro v\u0161ak umo\u017e\u0148uje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed oscilace v p\u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9m re\u017eimu, co\u017e bude m\u00edt za n\u00e1sledek sn\u00ed\u017eenou kvalitu paprsku. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dvoupl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ov\u00fd design, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee izolovan\u00e1 j\u00e1drov\u00e1 vrstva se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed a emitov\u00e1n\u00ed laser\u016f a lze dos\u00e1hnout dobr\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-double-clad-fiber-laser\">Dvojit\u011b pl\u00e1tovan\u00fd vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dvojit\u011b opl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 dopovan\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze \u010dty\u0159 \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed: j\u00e1dro, vnit\u0159n\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 a ochrann\u00e1 vrstva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funkc\u00ed j\u00e1dra vl\u00e1kna je absorbovat p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed sv\u011btlo \u010derpadla a omezit vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 laserov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo v j\u00e1dru; jako vlnovod omezuje p\u0159enos laserov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla v j\u00e1dru a \u0159\u00edd\u00ed re\u017eim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00dalohou vnit\u0159n\u00ed kryc\u00ed vrstvy je obalit j\u00e1dro a omezit vyza\u0159ovan\u00e9 laserov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo uvnit\u0159 j\u00e1dra; jako vlnovod, v\u00edcevidov\u00fd p\u0159enos sv\u011btla \u010derpadla spojen\u00e9ho s vnit\u0159n\u00ed kryc\u00ed vrstvou zp\u016fsobuje, \u017ee se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed tam a zp\u011bt mezi vnit\u0159n\u00ed kryc\u00ed vrstvou a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kryc\u00ed vrstvou. Projd\u011bte skrz jednovidov\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno a nechte se absorbovat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U dvojit\u011b pl\u00e1tovan\u00fdch vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f nen\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed pumpy vys\u00edl\u00e1no p\u0159\u00edmo do aktivn\u00ed vrstvy j\u00e1dra, ale do okoln\u00ed v\u00edcevidov\u00e9 vrstvy j\u00e1dra. Vrstva j\u00e1dra \u010derpadla je tak\u00e9 jako kryc\u00ed vrstva. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 realizovat charakteristiky optick\u00e9ho vlnovodu vrstvy j\u00e1dra \u010derpadla v\u016f\u010di vrstv\u011b aktivn\u00edho j\u00e1dra, mus\u00ed m\u00edt okoln\u00ed povlak mal\u00fd index lomu. Obvykle se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 fluorem dopovan\u00e9 k\u0159emi\u010dit\u00e9 sklo nebo vysoce transparentn\u00ed polymer s n\u00edzk\u00fdm indexem lomu. Typick\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br j\u00e1dra \u010derpadla je n\u011bkolik set mikron\u016f a jeho numerick\u00e1 apertura NA\u22480,32~0,7, jak je zn\u00e1zorn\u011bno na obr\u00e1zku 2.14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"368\" src=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/themes\/woodmart\/images\/lazy.svg\" data-src=\"http:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.15-Double-clad-fiber-laser-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wd-lazy-fade wp-image-2488\" title=\"\" srcset=\"\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.15-Double-clad-fiber-laser-4.jpg 500w, https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/2.15-Double-clad-fiber-laser-4-300x221.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption>Obr\u00e1zek 2.14 Dvojit\u00fd vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed emitovan\u00e9 do j\u00e1dra pumpy je spojeno s laserov\u00fdm j\u00e1drem po cel\u00e9 d\u00e9lce vl\u00e1kna, kde je absorbov\u00e1no ionty vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch zemin a ve\u0161ker\u00e9 sv\u011btlo vysok\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b je excitov\u00e1no. Pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9to technologie lze efektivn\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e9st z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed multim\u00f3dov\u00e9 pumpy z vysoce v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch laser\u016f na laserov\u00e9 z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed a m\u00e1 vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu paprsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-technical-characteristics-of-fiber-laser-source\">Technick\u00e9 vlastnosti zdroje vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laseru<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery poskytuj\u00ed mo\u017enost p\u0159ekonat omezen\u00ed kalibrovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdstupn\u00edho v\u00fdkonu pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fdch laser\u016f p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed kvality paprsku. Kvalita kone\u010dn\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho paprsku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na profilu indexu lomu vl\u00e1kna a profil indexu lomu vl\u00e1kna nakonec z\u00e1vis\u00ed na geometrick\u00e9 velikosti a numerick\u00e9 apertu\u0159e aktivovan\u00e9ho vlnovodu. Kdy\u017e se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed m\u00f3d, oscilace laseru nem\u00e1 nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho s vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi faktory. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s jin\u00fdmi (i polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi) pevnol\u00e1tkov\u00fdmi lasery nemaj\u00ed vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery termooptick\u00e9 efekty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hranolov\u00fd efekt zp\u016fsoben\u00fd teplem a efekt dvojlomu zp\u016fsoben\u00fd tlakem v aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b zp\u016fsob\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed kvality paprsku. P\u0159i transportu energie \u010derpadla nepozoruje vl\u00e1knov\u00fd laser pokles \u00fa\u010dinnosti ani p\u0159i vysok\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">U vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho zdroje se tepeln\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 procesem \u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed na del\u0161\u00ed plochu. Vzhledem k v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu pom\u011bru plochy povrchu k objemu je snaz\u0161\u00ed eliminovat tepeln\u00fd efekt. Proto je n\u00e1r\u016fst teploty j\u00e1dra vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho laseru mal\u00fd ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s lasery s pevn\u00fdmi polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi pumpami. Proto, kdy\u017e laser pracuje, kvantov\u00e1 \u00fa\u010dinnost je utlumena v d\u016fsledku zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se teploty, kter\u00e1 hraje u vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed roli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Celkov\u011b vzato, zdroj vl\u00e1knov\u00fdch laser\u016f m\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hlavn\u00ed v\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno jako m\u00e9dium s vedenou vlnou m\u00e1 vysokou vazebnou \u00fa\u010dinnost, mal\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br j\u00e1dra, vysokou hustotu v\u00fdkonu se snadno tvo\u0159\u00ed v j\u00e1dru a lze jej snadno efektivn\u011b p\u0159ipojit k sou\u010dasn\u00e9mu komunika\u010dn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken a vytvo\u0159en\u00fd laser m\u00e1 vysokou \u00fa\u010dinnost konverze a n\u00edzkou laserov\u00fd pr\u00e1h., Kvalita v\u00fdstupn\u00edho paprsku je dobr\u00e1 a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka \u010d\u00e1ry je \u00fazk\u00e1.<\/li><li>Proto\u017ee optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno m\u00e1 velk\u00fd pom\u011br povrchu k objemu, efekt rozptylu tepla je dobr\u00fd a okoln\u00ed teplota m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mezi -20~+70 \u2103, bez velk\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho chladic\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, pouze jednoduch\u00e9ho chlazen\u00ed vzduchem.<\/li><li>M\u016f\u017ee pracovat v drsn\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00edch, jako jsou vysok\u00e9 n\u00e1razy, vysok\u00e9 vibrace, vysok\u00e1 teplota a pra\u0161n\u00e9 podm\u00ednky.<\/li><li>Proto\u017ee optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno m\u00e1 vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed flexibilitu, laser m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt navr\u017een tak, aby byl mal\u00fd a flexibiln\u00ed, kompaktn\u00edho vzhledu, snadnou integrac\u00ed do syst\u00e9mu a n\u00e1kladov\u011b efektivn\u00ed.<\/li><li>M\u00e1 pom\u011brn\u011b hodn\u011b laditeln\u00fdch parametr\u016f a selektivity. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Braggova vl\u00e1knov\u00e1 m\u0159\u00ed\u017eka s vhodnou vlnovou d\u00e9lkou a propustnost\u00ed je p\u0159\u00edmo naps\u00e1na na obou konc\u00edch dvojit\u011b pl\u00e1tovan\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna, aby nahradila rezonan\u010dn\u00ed dutinu vytvo\u0159enou zrcadlov\u00fdm odrazem. Celovl\u00e1knov\u00fd Raman\u016fv laser se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednosm\u011brn\u00e9ho vl\u00e1knov\u00e9ho prstence, kruhov\u00e9 vlnovodn\u00e9 dutiny. Sign\u00e1l v dutin\u011b je p\u0159\u00edmo zesilov\u00e1n sv\u011btlem pumpy bez inverze populace.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159\u00edstroj produkuj\u00edc\u00ed sv\u011btlo laserov\u00e9ho zdroje se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 laserov\u00fd rezon\u00e1tor, kter\u00fd zahrnuje plynov\u00fd laser, kapalinov\u00fd laser, polovodi\u010dov\u00fd optick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj a dal\u0161\u00ed lasery. Mezi n\u011b typi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi lasery pat\u0159\u00ed plynov\u00e9 lasery CO2, polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery, polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 lasery YAG a vl\u00e1knov\u00e9 lasery.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2408,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[887,888,889,886,890],"class_list":["post-2389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-laser-cutting-machine","tag-co2-laser","tag-cold-water","tag-discharge-tube","tag-electrode","tag-pump-source"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/LASER-SYSTEM-1.png","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2389"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2389\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2408"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mydery.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}